Flow Hoods vs. FFUs: Creating a Cleaner Mycology Lab Workspace
Flow Hoods vs. FFUs: Creating a Cleaner Mycology Lab Workspace
Successful mycology lab work depends on more than clean tools and careful technique. The air surrounding an open agar plate, culture container, or sterile instrument can carry dust, mold spores, bacteria, and other microscopic particles capable of compromising an entire project.
This is why experienced mycologists put so much emphasis on controlling airflow.
Two of the most common clean-air tools used in mycology are laminar flow hoods and fan filter units, usually abbreviated as FFUs. Although the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, these systems are not exactly the same. Understanding how each one works can help you choose the right equipment and use it effectively.
Why Airborne Contamination Matters in Mycology
Contaminants are constantly circulating through ordinary indoor air. They can originate from clothing, carpeting, ventilation systems, pets, skin, soil, open windows, and countless other sources.
Many routine lab procedures temporarily expose sterile or nutrient-rich material to the surrounding environment. Examples include:
- Pouring or working with agar
- Transferring cultures between agar plates
- Preparing culture slants
- Inoculating sterilized grain or other media
- Performing grain-to-grain transfers
- Working with liquid culture
- Opening sterile containers for sampling or observation
Nutrient-rich media do not distinguish between the organism you intend to work with and an unwanted microorganism. If a contaminant lands on the media, it may grow faster than the intended culture and make the results difficult to interpret or unusable.
Good sterile technique reduces the number of opportunities for this to happen. A properly designed clean-air system adds another important layer of protection by continuously moving filtered air across or into the working area.
What Is a Laminar Flow Hood?
A laminar flow hood is designed to move HEPA-filtered air across a work surface in smooth, uniform streams. In a horizontal flow hood, air travels from the filter at the back of the unit toward the operator.
The key word is laminar. It describes air moving in an orderly, unidirectional pattern with minimal turbulence. Within the clean-air stream, airborne particles are continually carried away from open plates, sterile tools, and exposed media.
This does not sterilize the objects placed in front of the hood. Instead, it creates a continuously swept clean zone where properly sterilized materials can be handled with substantially less exposure to room air.
A quality hood combines several components:
- A high-efficiency HEPA filter
- A blower matched to the filter’s resistance
- A sealed cabinet or housing
- A plenum that distributes air evenly
- An appropriate air velocity across the filter face
- A pre-filter that protects the more expensive HEPA filter
For growers, researchers, and hobbyists performing frequent transfers, a true laminar flow hood provides a dependable and predictable workspace. Different sizes of laminar flow hoods for mycology are available for everything from occasional agar work to larger production environments.
What Is an FFU?
A fan filter unit combines a fan and HEPA filter in a compact metal housing. FFUs were originally designed as modular clean-room components and are commonly installed in ceilings or walls to supply filtered air to a room.
They can also be positioned vertically and used as affordable clean-air workstations.
An FFU offers several practical advantages:
- A large filtered-air area
- A relatively shallow footprint
- An integrated fan and filter
- Lower cost than many full cabinet-style hoods
- The ability to be incorporated into a larger clean-room system
- Multiple sizes for home, laboratory, and production use
The principal distinction is airflow control. A complete laminar flow hood uses its cabinet, plenum, blower, and filter arrangement to produce uniform airflow across the working area. A standalone FFU can provide exceptionally clean air, but the airflow may become less uniform near its outer edges.
For that reason, people using an FFU as a workbench normally perform their most sensitive procedures near the center of the filter face and avoid placing objects where they can create turbulence upstream of sterile materials.
For many home and small commercial laboratories, H14 HEPA fan filter units offer an excellent balance of working area, filtration, space efficiency, and price.
HEPA Filtration: What the Ratings Mean
A HEPA filter captures particles through several physical mechanisms rather than operating like a simple screen. Properly rated HEPA filters are highly effective against particles around their most difficult-to-capture size, while often capturing both larger and smaller particles with even greater efficiency.
Standard HEPA filters are commonly associated with at least 99.97% efficiency at approximately 0.3 microns. Under the EN 1822 classification system, an H14 HEPA filter is rated at a minimum overall efficiency of 99.995% at its most penetrating particle size.
However, filter efficiency is only part of the equation. A powerful filter does not automatically guarantee a clean working zone. The completed unit must also prevent air from bypassing the filter, distribute airflow correctly, and provide enough air velocity without creating excessive turbulence.
When comparing clean-air equipment, look beyond a general “HEPA” claim. Consider:
- The filter classification
- Whether the filter is individually tested
- The construction and sealing of the housing
- Airflow uniformity
- The availability of replacement filters
- Pre-filter design
- The blower and motor warranty
- The unit’s intended working orientation
Flow Hood or FFU: Which One Is Better?
Neither option is automatically right for every laboratory. The best choice depends on the procedures being performed, the available space, the required working area, and the budget.
Choose a laminar flow hood when:
- You regularly perform sensitive agar or culture work
- You want controlled, uniform airflow throughout the working area
- You perform frequent grain-to-grain or culture transfers
- You need a dedicated benchtop workstation
- Consistency is more important than minimizing the initial cost
- You expect to increase your laboratory volume over time
Consider an FFU when:
- You want a larger clean-air area at a lower cost
- Your laboratory has limited bench depth
- You are comfortable keeping critical work near the center
- You may eventually incorporate the unit into a clean room
- You need filtered positive-pressure air for a larger workspace
- Portability and flexible mounting are important
Mycologists who are uncertain about the best configuration can compare complete flow hoods and clean-room equipment before deciding which format and working area fit their laboratory.
A Clean-Air System Does Not Replace Sterile Technique
One of the most common misconceptions is that a flow hood makes every object placed in front of it sterile. It does not.
A hood protects the clean-air stream, but contamination can still be introduced by hands, gloves, tools, containers, clothing, or poor work habits. Even the best flow hood cannot compensate for reaching over an open plate with a contaminated object.
Basic technique remains essential:
- Clean the room and work surface before beginning.
- Allow the flow hood or FFU to run long enough to clear loose particles from the immediate workspace.
- Disinfect the working surface and the exterior of containers.
- Keep unnecessary supplies outside the clean-air zone.
- Arrange materials so you can work without reaching across sterile items.
- Keep open containers exposed for the shortest practical time.
- Avoid talking, coughing, or making sudden movements toward the workspace.
- Never block the clean airflow with your hands, tools, or other containers.
- Use sterile instruments and follow an appropriate sterilization procedure.
- Close and seal cultures promptly after completing the procedure.
The cleanest air is closest to the filter face, before it encounters hands, containers, tools, or other obstacles. Think of every object as casting an invisible “shadow” downstream. Sterile materials should never be placed inside that disturbed-air zone.
Setting Up a Better Mycology Work Area
A clean-air workstation performs best in a room with limited drafts and manageable dust levels.
Avoid placing a flow hood directly beside an open window, doorway, furnace vent, portable fan, or frequently traveled walkway. Strong crosscurrents can interfere with the clean-air stream, especially near the edges of the working area.
The surrounding room does not need to be a pharmaceutical clean room, but it should be easy to clean. Hard surfaces are preferable to carpeting and fabric, which can hold and release dust. Before beginning a lab session, allow airborne particles disturbed by cleaning and movement to settle.
The workstation should also provide enough room to perform the entire procedure without crowding. A small hood may be perfectly adequate for individual agar plates or jars, while large bags, multiple plates, and production-scale work require a wider and taller clean-air area.
Measure the largest containers you expect to use—not just the available space on your table—before selecting a unit.
Maintaining a Flow Hood or FFU
A HEPA filter should generally not be sprayed, scrubbed, vacuumed, or touched. The filter media is delicate, and physical damage can create a pathway for unfiltered air.
Instead, maintain the equipment by:
- Cleaning or replacing the pre-filter as recommended
- Keeping the intake area free of dust and obstruction
- Wiping down exterior surfaces before use
- Avoiding impacts to the filter face
- Watching for unusual vibration or changes in fan sound
- Periodically checking airflow across the working area
- Replacing the HEPA filter when airflow declines or testing indicates a problem
A washable pre-filter can significantly extend the usable life of the main HEPA filter by capturing larger dust particles before they reach the filter media.
Laboratories doing frequent or high-value work may also perform airflow-velocity measurements, particle testing, or smoke-pattern testing. These checks help confirm that air is moving evenly and reveal turbulence caused by equipment placement.
Is a Still-Air Box Still Useful?
A still-air box can be a practical starting point for occasional work. Instead of filtering the air, it reduces air movement around the materials being handled. With good technique, this can be effective for simple procedures.
The limitation becomes noticeable as the frequency and complexity of the work increase. A still-air box has restricted hand movement, limited working room, and no continuous flow of filtered air to carry airborne particles away.
Moving to a flow hood or FFU is often one of the most meaningful laboratory upgrades for anyone who routinely pours agar, transfers cultures, inoculates multiple containers, or loses valuable materials to airborne contamination.
The Bottom Line
Reliable mycology lab work comes from combining sound procedures with a controlled working environment.
A laminar flow hood offers the most consistent, uniform clean-air workspace for sensitive transfers and repeated laboratory procedures. An FFU provides excellent HEPA-filtered air in a compact and often more affordable format, especially when critical work is kept near the center of the unit.
Whichever system you choose, remember that clean air is only one part of contamination control. Proper sterilization, thoughtful workspace organization, careful hand movements, and disciplined sterile technique all work together.
When those elements are combined, a flow hood or FFU becomes more than another piece of equipment. It becomes the foundation of a more consistent and capable mycology laboratory.
Always use spores, cultures, and laboratory equipment in accordance with applicable local, state, and federal laws.
5 Ways Mushrooms Can Save The World
Did you know that mushrooms can do just about anything? As scientists open up to the world of fungi, they are discovering some amazing implications on how mushrooms can help our world.
Pollution Cleanup
Mushrooms can be used to clean up hazardous materials, even radiation spills. And not just “can be,” but HAS BEEN DONE. People in the field of “mycoremediation” use mushrooms to break down hazardous substances into something more benign. The best part is it is just what mushrooms do and it helps bring the area of cleanup back to a natural order.
Mushrooms have been used to counter negative effects from wildfires, oil spills and radiation spills all over the world.
Biofuels
According to research published in Science Advances, biobutanol can replace gasoline. What can make biobutanol? Mushrooms!
Scientists were able to make butanol with two-year-old mushroom substrates from a mushroom farm and find it a promising development as biofuels right now are made from corn and sugar cane, which competes with food farming and uses precious resources such as water and soil. Using not only mushrooms, but the waste of mushrooms to produce biofuel could result in a complete revolution to our relationship to national resources and the environment.
Space
If all else fails and we mess up the earth beyond repair, mushrooms might be key to our survival for our species as we leave and find other planets to colonize. Sounds science fiction, but it really isn’t.
As mentioned, mushrooms can remove chemicals and hazardous waste in dirt and return it to healthy soil suitable for plant growth. Along these lines, scientists speculate that mushrooms can be used to terraform soils of other planets and get them suitable for plant growth.
They can also be used to “grow” a habitat for future residents of Mars or the Moon. According to a fascinating press release from NASA, they have a myco-architecture project where they are experimenting with utilizing mycelia, the underground threads of fungi, to grow habitats.
The press release states:
“Right now, traditional habitat designs for Mars are like a turtle — carrying our homes with us on our backs – a reliable plan, but with huge energy costs,” said Lynn Rothschild, the principal investigator on the early-stage project. “Instead, we can harness mycelia to grow these habitats ourselves when we get there.”
These are just a FEW ways Mushrooms are awesome. Thanks for reading!
A Look At Mushroom Spore Laws in the U.S.
Legality of Mushroom Spores
Mushroom Spore Laws In the United States
First, it’s important to note that Federal law in the United States does not explicitly address psilocybin mushroom spores. While psilocybin and psilocin—the active compounds found in psychedelic mushrooms—are classified as Schedule I substances under Federal law, the mushrooms themselves are not. Psilocybin Cubensis mushroom spores do not contain psilocybin or psilocin, making them legal under federal law and in most US states. This allows us to sell and ship mushroom spore syringes throughout the United States and Canada, except in states or regions with specific regulations concerning the sale, distribution, or transportation of psilocybin mushroom spores.
-
- Idaho & Georgia: Idaho and Georgia both have adopted laws that specifically ban the transport and sale of psilocybin mushrooms. Therefore, we are unable to ship or sell to Idaho or Georgia. Customers from these states will not be able to purchase anything on our website. If a customer who resides in either of these states would like to purchase any edible liquid culture syringe, please email us.
-
- California: California has a law that mentions spores, however, it is not illegal to possess mushroom spores specifically. Also in California law, there is a law stating that it is illegal for women to drive vehicles while wearing a housecoat, a law stating that walking an elephant down Market Street in San Francisco is illegal, unless the elephant is on a leash and finally, a California law that states homeowners who have Christmas lights on their houses past February 2 may be subject to a fine of up to $250. Any many, many more … :)
Decriminalization Psilocybin Movement
In May 2019, Denver residents voting on Ordinance 301 declared that “the adult possession and use of psilocybin mushrooms” would become the city’s lowest law enforcement priority, further prohibiting the city from spending resources on penalizing shroom use. Oakland, California followed suit a month later. In 2020, Oregon voted to legalize magic mushrooms! Many activist groups in the United States have moved to implement decriminalization of personal use, possession, or cultivation of naturally-occurring psychedelics like psilocybin mushrooms and ayahuasca in many cities and states.
As of 2024, there have been four cities in the state of Michigan, five cities in California, three in Washington, four in Massachusetts and one city in Maine that have all decriminalized psychedelics.
In the spring of 2024, Missouri enacted Senate Bill 768, which legalizes psilocybin therapy for veterans aged 21 and older who are dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder, major depressive disorder, substance use disorders, or who need end-of-life care.
Surveys have shown that over 60% of all registered voters in the U.S. support decriminalization of psychedelics. For more information on and to help support efforts to decriminalize psychedelics, we recommend checking out the excellent organization, Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (aka MAPS).